Rights and responsibilities of parents and children under the legislation of Ukraine

         Поняття «дитина» (« children") is used in two meanings. First, these are citizens who have not reached a certain age: a person has the legal status of a child until he reaches the age of majority (18 years). A child is considered a minor before reaching 14 years of age. A child between the ages of 14 and 18 is a minor. Secondly, children are persons who descend from other persons (their parents) and are their relatives of the first degree in direct descent (closest degree of kinship).
      Взаємні права and the obligations of parents and children are based on the origin of children from them, certified in accordance with the procedure established by law. Such a certificate is issued: by registration of the birth of a child in the state bodies for registration of acts of civil status at the request of any of the parents or close relatives, if the child is born in marriage; on the basis of voluntary recognition of the child's paternity by the father who is not married to the child's mother; based on the establishment of paternity by the court, if the parents are not married and the father denies paternity.
      _cc781905- 5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_  The mother and the father have equal rights and obligations towards the child, regardless of whether they are (or were previously) married and live together with the child. Children have equal rights and responsibilities towards their parents, regardless of whether their parents were married to each other.
      _cc781905- 5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_  Parents are obliged first of all to pick up the child from the maternity hospital or other health care facility and, no later than one month from the day of the child's birth, to register the child's birth in the state body for registering civil acts state They must determine the child's surname, first name and patronymic. The child's surname is determined according to the surname of the parents, and if the surnames of the parents are different, then with their consent; as a general rule, a child can be given no more than two names.
      _cc781905- 5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_   Parents have the duty to raise a child in the spirit of respect for the rights and freedoms of other people, love for one's family and family, his people, his Motherland; take care of the child's health, his physical, spiritual and moral development; to ensure that the child receives a full general secondary education, to prepare him for an independent life. All issues of raising a child are decided jointly by the parents. The parent who lives separately from the child is obliged to participate in his upbringing and has the right to personal communication with him. And the parent with whom the child lives has no right to prevent the other from communicating with the child and participating in its upbringing, if such communication does not interfere with the normal development of the child.
         Місце проживання дитини, яка не has reached the age of 10, is determined by the consent of the parents, at the age of 10 - by the joint consent of the parents and the child herself, and after reaching the age of 14 - by the child herself.
       Захист the rights and interests of minor children are entrusted to their parents, who act without special powers. In the case of marriage, minors acquire legal capacity in full and, from the moment of marriage, protect their rights independently.
      parents are obliged to respect the child. Parental rights cannot be exercised contrary to the interests of children. Any type of exploitation by the parents of their child, physical punishment of the child by the parents, as well as their use of other types of punishments that degrade the human dignity of the child are prohibited.

PEDAGOGICAL ADVICE FOR PARENTS

    Along with the positive value of mass media for the development of a young person, their influence on the public consciousness, in particular, of young men and women, is becoming increasingly dangerous. Information from modern media, overloaded with ideas, channels of struggle, competition, violence, constructs the psyche of young people, suggests models of aggressive behavior and a feeling of a dangerous life. A significant number of parents are concerned about the strong attraction of their children to television, video films and games, which distract them from educational activities, various types of activities useful for the personal development of young people, and the manifestation of their abilities. The danger from the mass media also lies in the fact that they "intercept" parents' educational influence on children, weaken the effectiveness of their pedagogical actions, as they become a significant source of information that is meaningful and attractive to young people. As a result of this competition, some parents weaken their control over their children's behavior, use authoritarian actions, methods of coercive influence that demand their unquestioning obedience. Such stereotypical, single-minded behavior of parents, without taking into account the actions, needs, wishes of children, prompts them to greater alienation, manifestation of dissatisfaction, aggression, anger, etc., and also increases their attraction to TV and video films, computer games, etc.
    The family is the most important center, a factor in the upbringing of young people, the formation of social traits and moral values in them. What values students prefer, what their hobbies are, how they treat the media depends on family upbringing. Therefore, the dominant role of the family in the formation of a young person's personality as a critical consumer of mass media is undeniable. However, it should be noted that it is much more difficult for parents, as well as teachers, to counteract the indiscriminate strong attraction of children to media products, which has been formed over the years. It is more effective to apply preventive, prophylactic actions, measures to develop students' critical attitude to media.
 Researchers of the problems of aggression testify that students who from childhood experience violence, insults, humiliation in the family are in a state of frustration, depression, anger, etc., which causes a tendency to aggression, belligerence, interest in information, scenes of violence, struggle, murder. Therefore, as scientists note, parents should acquire competence in developing positive interpersonal relationships with children, achieving mutual understanding with them, as well as effectiveness. First of all, they should be able to establish discipline in the family without violence and pressure on children. Education of sensitivity and cooperativeness in students, the ability of emotional control and moral assessment of one's own behavior becomes an antidote to the negative effects of the mass media. Therefore, some pedagogical advice to parents regarding the formation of students' critical attitude towards media influences is appropriate.
 1. Creating a psychologically comfortable "educational" environment in the family on the basis of trusting, tolerant interpersonal interaction of parents and students is the most important condition for the development of a child's positive well-being, acquisition of moral values.
 It is through the means of the family environment, which includes models of humanistic relations, the manifestation of cognitive interest in the positive aspects of life, that parents influence the development of personality, accustom the child to moral behavior, instill a desire for justice and kindness. An important task in this case is achieving a measure in the organization of control over the actions and behavior of students and giving them rights and freedoms in choosing actions, self-organization of behavior. Control over a child's life is an important duty of parents. However, it does not mean instilling fear, gaining power over the child, encouraging him to submit to parental demands, but establishing and supporting constructive interaction with him, choosing pedagogical actions that do not contradict his needs and desires and unobtrusively stimulate him to comply with social norms, independent decision-making. Love, empathy, sincerity and openness are the main conditions for creating a positive, moral climate in the family. Achieving the agreement of parents and students in the process of solving problems of discipline and destructive behavior is an important way of non-coercive pedagogical influence on the individual.

   Ten "golden rules" of raising happy children

Rule 1. Don't waste the child's time. In early childhood, the brain perceives new things best and accumulates knowledge. It is much more difficult to assimilate them later

Rule 2. Build self-esteem. It is necessary to develop such abilities in a child, to instill such skills that would distinguish him from others, would command the respect of peers and adults. Children should know that success, future well-being depends on them. And also: every child should have a good friend. Parents direct this friendship and strengthen it.

Rule 3. Teach the child to communicate. There are six conditions under which a child develops useful skills: sincere love for parents (gives a sense of security); friendly attitude to others (not only to relatives and friends); external attractiveness (clothes, manners); the opportunity to observe correct communication (behavior of parents, teachers, peers); high self-esteem, and hence self-confidence; average (at least) vocabulary; the ability to maintain a conversation.

Rule 4. Make sure that the child does not become a TV or computer addict. Because these types of activities inhibit the development of the left hemisphere of the brain in children. And it determines the development of language. So, over time, the child may have communication problems.

Rule 5. Cultivate responsibility, decency. Not only always explain "what is good and what is bad", but also consolidate good skills, punish for bad actions. You should be an example.

Rule 6. Teach the child to respect the family To raise gentle and loving children, surround them with care and affection from the first days of life. Children should see that when going to work or coming home, dad and mom kiss - this is a family ritual.

Rule 7. Live in a good environment. The friends your children choose for themselves will influence their moral orientations and behavior. If you live in a socio-psychological dump, it is difficult for children to get out of it, spreading the scent of roses.

Rule 8. Be demanding. But don't be tyrants. Children do not become intelligent and obedient immediately, it takes years.

Rule 9. Accustom the child to work. But without coercion. Make sure that they acquire work skills, make sure that their life is filled with interesting and useful things.

Rule 10. Do not do for children what they can do themselves. Let them try everything, let them learn from their own mistakes.
      How can you help a child behave well?
Most parents wonder if they are behaving correctly with their child. Of course, there are no perfect parents. They all have difficulties and are sometimes not sure if they are raising their children well. One of the problems that worries parents the most is the question of behavior: what should be done so that children behave well? Use our tips.

Set an example of good behavior for children
Children learn by imitating the behavior of adults. Your behavior is an example to follow.
       _cc781905 -5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_Change the environment, not the child
It is better to keep valuable, fragile and dangerous objects out of the reach of children than to later punish children for their natural curiosity.
      _cc781905- 5cde-3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_ Express your wishes positively
Tell your children what you expect from them instead of what you do NOT want.
      Висувайте реальні вимоги
Ask yourself whether your requirements meet the age of the child, the situation in which he found himself. You should be more tolerant of small and sick children.
       Не place too much importance on encouragement and punishment
As the child grows up, punishment and encouragement become less and less effective. Explain the reason that influences your decision. Strive for a compromise in communication with older children, and with younger ones - use tactics of switching attention.
     Choose upbringing without yelling and beating
At first it may seem effective, but it will soon become clear: every time you are forced to hit everything with greater force to achieve the desired result. Yelling or constant scolding is also harmful and can lead to long-term emotional problems.
  Punishments do not help the child develop self-control and respect for others.

Facts that may surprise you...

Children often do not understand why they are punished
Research shows that the demands of adults often seem incomprehensible to children. Remember, when the child received a slap, he becomes too angry, nervous and excited, so he cannot understand what and why he was punished.
 Help children behave better by giving them choices.
argue with children about matters of little importance. Let them make choices: let them decide what to wear or what to eat.
 This will prevent resentment and disobedience from the child. She will not blame you for constantly controlling her.
 Children have the right to a positive attitude towards themselves
The Government of Ukraine undertook to adhere to the principles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It states that children have rights, one of which is the right to protection from any form of physical and mental violence and intentional humiliation.

Ten steps to becoming a better parent

1. Love is the most important need of all children and one of the main prerequisites for a child's positive behavior. Parental love helps a child to form self-confidence, causes a sense of self-worth.

2. Listen to what your child says. Be interested in what she does and feels.

3. All relationships, including those built on love and trust, need certain limitations. Parents should define these limits for their children. Remember that children's violation of any restrictions is a natural learning process for them, and it should not be considered a manifestation of disobedience. Children feel safer when parents also follow the limits they set.

4. Laughter helps defuse a tense situation. Sometimes parents are too serious. This prevents them from fully experiencing the joy of parenthood. Be able to see the funny moments and allow yourself to laugh at every opportunity.

5. Try to see the world through the eyes of your child and understand his feelings. Remember how you felt. When you were a child, and how incomprehensible the world of adults seemed to you, when you were treated unfairly.

6. Praise and encourage the child. Expect the child to behave well and encourage efforts to do so. Praise her for good behavior.

7. Respect your child as you would respect an adult. Allow the child to participate in decision-making, especially those that affect him. Listen to the child's opinion. If you are forced to say something unpleasant to a child, think about how you would say it to an adult. Apologize if you have done wrong to the child.

8. Plan the child's daily routine. Young children will feel more secure if they follow a clear daily routine.

9. Every family has its own rules. Be consistent and enforce them, and try to show some flexibility regarding compliance with these rules by young children. Children can be confused if a rule is followed one day and not followed the next.

10. Do not forget about your own needs! When parenting starts to feel like hard work and you feel like you're running out of patience, take some time for yourself. Do what brings you pleasure. If you realize that you are losing control over yourself and can shout at the child, insult, humiliate or hit him, leave the child for a few minutes, count to ten and calm down.